Atomic Bombing Survivor Hiroshi Matsuzoe, Painter

Topics Covered: Day of Bombing; Injuries; Immediate Treatment; Grotesque Scenes; Wartime Militarism Education; Digging trenches in anticipation of US land invasion; Postwar education and reconstruction.
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Well, I’m originally from Nagasaki’s Nameshi district.

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Well, I was here, at this location when the bomb exploded

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I heard the sound of a plane flying, so I thought a plane headed this way.

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I was looking up like this.

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But I could not find the plane.

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I was following the sound that it made.

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Then suddenly, there was a flash of light in front of me.

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I hurriedly covered my face.

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That’s why my face didn’t get burnt, but because I was naked on top.

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My arms and side of my body got burns.

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And I thought a bomb was dropped even on this countryside.

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So I ran towards the hill of bamboo in the back, running to the air raid shelter.

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Before I got there I was blown by the explosion.

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I actually don’t remember that I was blown away though.

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From this yard I was looking up into the sky, and as I was watching a B-29 fly away there was suddenly this flash of light.

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Instantly I covered my face like this.

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There was an air raid shelter in the hill at the back, so I ran towards it.

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On my way there the blast hit me and I was blown away..

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I don’t remember though, of being blown away by the blast.

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When I came to my senses I was in a crouch position with my hands covering my eyes.

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When I stood up, the road to the shelter I was on was now 5-6 meters away from me.

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So, I was thrown there by a side blast on my way to the shelter.

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I didn’t realize that I had been blown away.

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I was shirtless, so my side —

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The side of my stomach got badly burnt. It was unbearable.

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Nearby was a small, shallow pond. And I ran over there.

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I jumped in there and splashed myself all over with water.

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And then I looked around to see where the bomb had fallen

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And I saw the mushroom cloud shining whiter than ash and it kept on getting bigger and rising ever higher into the sky.

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At that point I recalled hearing on the news that a new type of bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.

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That when I realized that this new bomb had been dropped on Nagasaki as well.

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And I thought this is going to be a catastrophe. And I was looking at it like this.

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Then, the mushroom cloud rose higher and higher into the sky.

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And after a while a sheet of smoke rose up like this and enveloped me.

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And around our house there were three houses with thatched-roofs.

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And these started catching fire and fire got bigger.

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By late afternoon, I could not see the sky anymore due to the smoke.

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And so, I went to the entrance of the air raid shelter.

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It hurt so bad, I started to cry and lay down on my side.

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Then I had Grandma used her paper fan to cool me down, like this.

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At first, I had blisters; smalls ones all over, but they eventually made their way to the bottom.

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And they became this huge blister.

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I was wondering what I should do with this.

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Near my home there was a man that used to be a military doctor.

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So, I went to him to have it checked.

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So, this is that scene in this drawing.

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It’s late afternoon on August 9.

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When I got there, his yard was filled with

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people burned the way I’ve never seen before, people with serious injuries

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So many laying there in his yard

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When I saw this I thought that this is what living in hell must look like.

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Such a scene was my first, it was my first time seeing such a scene play out.

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I watched this in shock.

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And there were people whose whole face were burnt. And people whose melted skin was hanging off.

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People dripping with blood whose faces had been pierced with glass shards.

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People with a torn off arm.

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There were so many people like that standing all over the place.

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So many people on their sides were packed into the area, that there were almost no space to walk.

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And the first face I recognized,

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was a classmate of mine from my old elementary school. His name was Hiraki.

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So I asked him, whether it was he.

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He acknowledged.

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I told him that they got him.

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He goes yeah

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That’s all we spoke.

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His face was pitch black with only his white eyes showing.

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He was dead by the next day.

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And this is my self-portrait.

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I asked what I should do. And they told me to break the skin and let it out.

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So, I punctured the skin with my nails.

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A lukewarm liquid drained down my leg.

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And then they applied some medicine on me. Although it was just vegetable oil. That’s all they had.

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And when I was about to leave I heard a female student loudly screaming

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“It hurts! It hurts!” on the top of this table.

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I knew the people holding her down. So, I figured the person they are holding down must be

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a girl one year senior called Mineko Doh

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So, that’s what I saw going on at the operation table when I was heading home.

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On the back of her neck you could see a gaping hole the size of a fist.

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With tweezers the doctor was pulling out  debris and glass pieces from there.

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There were no anesthetics.

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It must have been excruciatingly painful.

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She was screaming “It hurts! It hurts!”

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Naturally I thought that she had been long gone.

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However, 40 years later her experience had been published in a book.

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Her address was now in Tokyo.

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I was in my third year in junior high school at the time.

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And classes were no longer held, no studies. We were mobilized to work at the factories.

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And I, was assigned to work at the factory of Mitsubishi Steel located 900m to 1km from ground zero.

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From morning to night,

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I worked with the factory workers smeared with oil.

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Well, in elementary school,

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back in those days, when I was a first grader, war with China was already going on.

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So we are truly the ones that received wartime education.

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I lived in an era where militarism was taught from elementary school onwards.

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So all the boys were prepared to join the military when they became older.

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And the Pacific War started when I was in fifth grade.

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So, everyday life involved hardship by then and everyone had to restrain themselves from wanting things.

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“Luxury is the evil enemy” it was said. Luxury was strictly forbidden.

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Even clothes. It was difficult to buy anything you wanted.

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Western-style clothing was difficult to get.

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You would patch up clothes with pieces taken from other clothes.

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You can see where a rip was mended, so round, so big a patch.

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how should I put it,

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everyone wore mended clothes and trousers.

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Food in those days, because there was not enough rice, potatoes and yams became the staple food.

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Yams, potatoes, and taros.

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It was a time where people had to eat such food. There was such a food shortage. it really was a tough time.

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And

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Umm

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In 1943,

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Umm

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I entered junior high school.

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They were called Tokko-tai, where Japanese aircrafts would attack and perform suicide missions on US territory or enemy warships.

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Kamikaze Special Attack Forces was popular in those days.

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So when we entered junior high, “we all wanted to be old enough to become pilots to join the Kamikaze Squadron

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We were prepared for this.

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That is why we didn’t expect to live past 20.

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We were prepared for it.

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That was the era of the day.

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Unimaginable now,

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but for everything in daily life, we were made to “withstand, hold out,” “endure, forbear” as a child.

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In short, the education was designed to make all nationals motivated to “fight together.”

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If one would, in various ways,

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do something that goes against this education, one would be often criticized as “having thoughts that support the enemy countries.”

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That is why it was a must that you do what was good for Japan, or else you would be seen as an traitor.

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If you didn’t follow the policies of the Japanese education, you were told that you weren’t Japanese.

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You were told that the policies of Japanese education have to be abided by.

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Japanese and math continued to be as they were.

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English classes were suspended in the third year of junior high.

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Up until then we had English classes. But in the third year of junior high, it ended. In the third year of junior high it ended.

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Till the second year, English classes were taught all along.

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Junior high? So, until the second and third year? Till the second year the classes existed, but from the third year they disappeared.

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There was a class called “kyoren” (military training), which was also practiced in the military,

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it was separate from the gym classes,

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and we would practice marching while carrying rifles.

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A rifle. We would practice marching with a rifle.

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There were plenty of such trainings.

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Lining up in file, practicing to march,

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such things,

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very similar to the trainings the military would receive.

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And for gym classes there was never any fun involving balls like you do now.

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You would take a wooden sword and,

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wave it around like this to build a strong body, to get stronger.

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That was physical education for us.

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Fun gym class… gym classes were not really fun.

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Physical education classes were hard on everyone.

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And in those days,

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we went to the farms to help out.

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Also, the turf on the schoolyards were all plowed and made into sweet potato fields.

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Due to the food shortage they were turned into potato fields.

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Most of the schoolyards were turned into potato fields.

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The river embankments too, where there was soil, potatoes were planted.

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So most of the schools were turned into potato fields.

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The hours we engaged in farming became very extensive.

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From around 1944 or 1943 and onward, farming became extensive.

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Especially in girl’s school, students were made to do such tasks.

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They were farmers. Into farming.

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My grandfather and grandmother too. All were in farming.

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And when the atomic bomb was cast, my father was engaged in trench digging.

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Against a pending American invasion they dug trenches, so that Japan could fight back.

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to await them in the trenches.

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he was out in the high mountains over there, working to dig trenches.

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He, my father.

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AS: Trenches?

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Trenches are ditches about this size. Just about the size a person can hide in. People would come and face the American troops should they come ashore.

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A ditch like this,

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was dug, all along the mountain, all along the high mountains surrounding the area.

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For that task, my father went,

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as well as the first year students of my junior high school.

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The first years were not assigned to factories yet.

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The first year students in junior high were assigned such tasks, forced to do such tasks. In their first year.

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They were forced to do such work. Already in their first year, they were forced to do them.

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They were forced to do such work.

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AS: What kind of work?

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The trench digging work.

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My father and others were farmers, but were prevented from farming,

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and anyone with any strength left was recruited to do such tasks.

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And so the first year junior school students were also made to engage in such tasks too.

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And for example, these women here,

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Three in total — the two son’s wives and a daughter.

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They were also recruited to work at the factories,

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on night shift.

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They worked the night shift and had returned when the atomic bomb was dropped.

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So they were exposed to the bomb here.

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And these were the people leading the treatment effort.

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These women, her son’s two wives, and her daughter, total four females,

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four females and a doctor. Five people worked here.

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Seven of us.

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There were seven of us and I was the eldest.

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AS: You were?

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The oldest of the seven.

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In those days, it was normal. Ten siblings was the most common those days.

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I was already drawing when I was in elementary school.

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AS: What kind of drawings?

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Scenery paintings during elementary school.

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Back then, the soldiers would board trains and be seen off when they left for the front.

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I drew that kind of scene and that picture went to the national competition. That was in third grade.

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The award certificate was hung at school, but the school collapsed due to the bomb, so I don’t have it anymore.

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The painting found its way to the national competition. I was a third grader.

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Yes, school resumed from 19 September, so after a month.

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Because our school building was not functioning we had to share a space at another school. Two schools split AM and PM between each other. That’s how we went to school.

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After that, from Showa 22

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or from 1947,

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We shared space with Yamazato Elementary School, which was the closest to the hypocenter. That’s where my classes resumed.

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Window panes had no glass in them, there was nothing.

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I remember we studied shivering in the cold.

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When school started,

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school started earlier than we imagined

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I was so impressed that everyone helped so much to be able to start school so soon.

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I remember thinking that we were able to come back to school this soon.

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And the city was reconstructing rapidly. I was amazed at human strength.

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The center of the city was burned down.

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Then houses started to be built. Today there is a tall building there and there is no trace of how it used to be.

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When I see that, I am so amazed at human strength.

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I am so inspired at strength of people of Nagasaki for this much reconstruction. So great.

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When I was a junior high school student, Nagasaki had many munitions factories.

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There were a shipyard and Mitsubishi arsenal plant. And Nagasaki arsenal plant used to be where Nagasaki University is today. Its property was huge.

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There were factories like them

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Where people like myself had been mobilized to work. Like the Mitsubishi plant, the biggest factory in the East Asia.

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Big factories were located in Nagasaki. Nagasaki was industrial city.

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Industrial city.

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After the war,

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having the shipyards and factories in the city was a good thing

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because people were able to find a job.

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Another fortunate thing is that

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The area burned by the atomic bomb is new.

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The old parts of town where the Chinese temple and Western building, Glover Garden

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did not get damaged and are now touristic sites today.

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Interestingly

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The target of the bomb was the center of the city at first.

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That was the target.

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So the initial target was 3 km south from the ground zero.  The center of the city was the target.

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Fortunately,  it was cloudy in Nagasaki, so the bomb was dropped to the north of city.

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Northern area was a residential area so many people died. But death toll remained at 74,000.

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If the bomb was dropped in the center of the city, death toll would have risen to 100,000.

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The shipyard could have been damaged massively too.

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But because it was cloudy in Nagasaki, the bomb happened to be dropped to the northern part.

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There are touristic resources left in Nagasaki today

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This time, touristic sites around a new peace symbol, Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum, were being built.

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Nagasaki is both peace city and old city.

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Because the two aspects remained, Nagasaki was able to prosper.

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The atomic bombing, in all wars

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of course war itself is a tragedy,

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is the most tragic event in any wars.

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Nagasaki experienced a tragedy that no other country ever did.

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So, I think we need to tell the people, inside the country and beyond of this tragedy.

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And we are absolutely against any wars, especially against those who use the atomic bombs.

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I have this strong conviction that we have to do our best to convey this story.

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That’s why we work as a storyteller to convey all this.

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Well, although conflicts still do exist.

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each and every country in the world shall not engage in wars.

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Especially for Japan, having had such experience

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Japan knows very well that we cannot engage in wars

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especially the misery brought about by atomic bombs

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This extreme misery. Never again a war that brings about this misery. We realized this quite well.

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So, we have to make sure this does not happen, that such wars, regardless of how small it may be, must be stopped.

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We must have a dialogue with each other to be able to provide resolutions.

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I strongly felt the need for countries to have a dialogue with each other.

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Being caring and considerate to others is the origin of peace.

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I always say at the end to the students on their school trips

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to close the talk that it’s important to be considerate of each other.

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It’s important to always feel considerate to others

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That’s why as Yoshida-san always said

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Peace starts by knowing the pain of others, to feel you want to know that.

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This is what Yoshida-san always said.

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To know the pain of others is where peace starts

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is  what I always say at my closing talk to students visiting or when I go to elementary and junior high schools.